Christian ethics

Review: The Peaceable Kingdom

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Cover image of "The Peaceable Kingdom" by Stanley Hauerwas

The Peaceable Kingdom, Stanley Hauerwas. University of Notre Dame Press (ISBN:  9780268015541) 1991.

Summary: A Christian ethic centered in the character of the rule Jesus inaugurated, lived by the church in nonviolent service.

I recently reviewed a distillation of Stanley Hauerwas’ writings titled Jesus Changes Everything (at https://bobonbooks.com/2025/03/26/review-jesus-changes-everything/). I was so impressed with his writings that I wanted to read more and picked up his The Peaceable Kingdom. This is his “primer in Christian ethics” and elaborates the idea that peace and nonviolence is central to the character of Jesus’ kingdom and the calling of those who follow him, gathered in Christian communities. I was surprised in reading this work to find it was far more “academic,” befitting his work as a seminary professor at Duke.

In my review, I will not focus on all the details of what is at times a dense discussion (but well worth the wading). Rather, I will summarize what I found and briefly comment.

First of all, he denies the possibility of an “absolute” ethics while arguing for the distinctiveness of a Christian ethic. For him, doctrine and ethics are inseparable. Truth must be lived and this inevitably involves an ethic. Moreover, for the Christian, that ethic centers in the narrative of Jesus–his life, death, and resurrection–that inaugurates a kingdom of forgiveness and peace. That peace is both with God and with one another.

Jesus calls his followers into a community of character. Specifically, Jesus calls us into lives of repenting from violence and discord, exercising our agency to live peaceably. Hence, the church, as Christ’s body, doesn’t have an ethic but is one. We are the servant community living in patience and hope for the dawning of Jesus kingdom. The church isn’t the kingdom but lives in anticipation of it by its character.

Hauerwas notes the focus on casuistry and ethical decision-making in much of ethics. A Christian ethic is different, flowing not from calculated decisions but what a person or community is and is becoming. Finally, Hauerwas proposes that a key virtue undergirding peaceableness is patience. He argues the virtue of doing nothing, siding with H. Richard Niebuhr over his brother Reinhold Niebuhr. With this patience comes joy, as we relinquish controlling our lives and those of others to God. Rather than tackling the many problems of the world, he argues for the grace of doing one thing.

For me, the strongest parts of Hauerwas’ argument are the appeal to the narrative of Jesus for our ethic and the insistence that the church is a social ethic. However, I do not believe that nonviolence always means doing nothing. Rosa Parks was peaceable and nonviolent, but she sat down. So were John Lewis and others who engaged in sit-ins. And sometimes, doing nothing is an act of nonviolent resistance, not nonresistance. Given that Hauerwas wrote twenty-five years after the civil rights movement, it surprises me he does not address this.

However, Hauerwas is one of the leading voices in reasserting the calling of the church to peace and nonviolence within society. It is an important testimony at a time when Christians seem bent on “taking sides” in the divisive political issues of our days, even using warfare metaphors to characterize their efforts. Perhaps this book is indeed a “primer” for how then we should live as the people of God.

Review: The Cost of Ambition

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Cover image of "The Cost of Ambition" by Miroslav Volf

The Cost of Ambition, Miroslav Volf. Brazos Press (ISBN: 9781587434815) 2025.

Summary: Ambition diminishes us while a life of excellence with proper humility ennobles us and enriches our relationships.

It probably starts early. We start comparing ourselves to others. How athletic, or how smart, or how attractive, or thin. Then as we get older we measure superiority by our net worth, how many people are “under” us, by the powerful we have access to. We’re often taught that ambition is a good thing. Theologian Miroslav Volf argues that such striving demeans both us and the good after which we competitively strive. It is meaningless–how important will our follower counts be on our deathbeds? Not only that, our ambitions usually focus on only one aspect of our humanness, and that of others. Our efforts to be superior to others ignore both their uniqueness and our own.

Yet we must ask if there is something to these strivings. Volf proposes that instead of superiority, we strive for excellence. Instead of being perceived as superior by others, we can simply strive to be superior, whether it is noticed or not. Excellence answers to our deepest passions as well as the world’s need.

Volf develops his exploration of ambition through the writing of Kierkegaard, Milton, and the Apostle Paul. Kierkegaard celebrate human difference and the glory of our mere humanity. Then he explores Milton’s Satan, his striving of superiority over God, his resentment of the Son, and how he offered the same temptation to Eve. In contrast to Satan, God’s glory consists not in his superiority over his creatures but his seeking of their good.

Then Volf devotes two chapters to the Apostle Paul. Firstly, he notes Paul’s injunction to “outdo one another in showing honor” that reflects the new mind we have in Christ. Secondly, he considers Paul’s question: “What do you have that you did not receive?” He observes how Christ lowered himself to raise us all to glory. For what can we strive that we do not already possess in Christ?

Finally, Volf considers both the central figure of God’s story, and the beginnings of that story. He considers Jesus who did not come to “lord it over” others but to serve. Then he turns back to Israel, and her progenitor, Abraham. Neither was called because of their superiority, but simply because God intended to do good to them and through them. Lastly, Volf summarizes his argument with twenty-four theses that crystallize his critique of ambition and the ennobling character of humble excellence.

It seems that this is a book we might read during through the different seasons of life. In youth, it serves as a warning to alert one of the siren call of ambition. At mid-life, when despite our best efforts, we realize we may have been climbing the wrong ladder, it points the way to Christ’s downward path. Later in life, it reminds us of the intrinsic joy of generativity, of using all one has to bless others. And in the last years, we are reminded that it was all of grace.

Sadly, this is not the journey of some, who conclude their lives in disillusionment and bitterness. There are those who never stop grasping for superiority, with growing resentment for the younger ones who are overtaking one. That is the cost of ambition. Volf helps us ask whether the cost is worth it. And he shows us a better way.

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Disclosure of Material Connection: I received a complimentary copy of this book from the publisher for review.

Review: The Digital Public Square

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The Digital Public Square, Jason Thacker, editor. Brentwood, TN: B & H Academic, 2022.

Summary: A collection of essays exploring the contours and complexities of the digital public square, specific issues that have arisen, and the call of disciples as they engage the digital public square.

Nearly forty years ago, in The Naked Public Square, the late Richard John Neuhaus argued that we cannot strip the public square of belief, religious or otherwise. He argued for a public square practicing principled pluralism, where Christian belief, as well as others, had a place in public discussions. Today, much of our public square discussions occur on various online platforms in the digital world. For Christians who seek to carry forward Neuhaus’ project in this world, it is necessary to understand the nature of the digital public square and the issues that will confront one to frame a Christian engagement that is both faithful to Christ and cogent. That is the purpose of this volume of essays edited by Jason Thacker, the chair of research in technology ethics for the Ethics and Religious Liberties Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention.

The collection is organized into three parts. The first part, “Foundations” surveys the landscape of the digital public square. Thacker introduces the section with an essay, “Simply a Tool?” that explores the value-laden of our technology that must be critically appraised and not simply accepted. Bryan Baise looks at how our technology has changed the shape of our public square. Nathan Leamer and Patricia Shaw offer American and global perspectives respectively on governmental approaches to telecom law, AI, and privacy issue. David French concludes the section in his usual, carefully reasoned fashion, discussing the legal and policy issues of online governance and how difficult it is to ask the government to intervene in content moderation. In the end, he believes much of it comes down to personal responsibility rather than looking for government to save us from ourselves.

Part Two focus on “Issues.” Joshua B. Wester discusses religious liberty and freedom of speech essays in the digital context where individuals or groups can be “de-platformed” for expressing viewpoints that fall outside the character of publicly accepted ideas. As private entities platforms from Amazon to Twitter can do this with no avenue of recourse in many instances. In the case of Amazon and books, this can result in a significant revenue loss and essentially mute an author’s voice. Brooke Medina discusses the difficulties in the terminology of “hate speech” and in the policing of such speech online. Classic criteria allowed most speech other than that which actively incited or was likely to incite violence. Sometimes, online technologies such as YouTube have actively been used for such ends in other countries with tragic results. How then will Christians resist and report such speech while engaging in reconciliatory speech?

Jeremy Tedesco and Christiana Kiefer discuss content moderation policies, particularly as they have sometimes been applied to Christians affirming traditional sexual ethics and the experience of censorship in online discussions (I found it interesting that they did not discuss similar efforts of Christians in the realm of book challenges and bans). Bonnie Kristian discusses online pornography, the case for banning it and the difficulties, particularly the deleterious effects of having humans moderate content on their personal lives and emotional stability. We don’t like the idea of “bots” doing this but have we thought of how this effects humans. Much like David French, she argues for personal responsibility and virtue.

Jason Thacker contributes another quite fine essay on conspiracy theories and the “post truth” digital world. He returns to the idea of principled pluralism, the belief in and advocacy for truth, recognizing that others may see things differently but that this does not warrant a contempt for or the trivializing of truth. Olivia Enos explores the world of the “heavy handed” regimes that use digital technology to surveil citizens on one hand and to suppress access to information on the other. She particularly exposes the uses of digital technology of the Chinese in repressing their Uyghur minority and similar actions in Belarus. What is also disturbing is to read about how such regimes export this technology to others and, in contrast to American commitments to the free flow of information, seek to exercise cybersovereignty over their information.

Part Three considers the Church’s discipleship and witness in light of the digital public square. Jacob Shatzer considers the opportunities for and challenges to discipleship. While noting opportunities for digital community and digital education, he notes a number of problems: loneliness and paradoxically, never alone, being reduced to our data, enticements to idolatry, distraction, poor abilities to relate, and lacks of accountability. Shatzer does not seem to offer much in the way of remedy other than the call to follow Jesus is still binding and calls us to press through these things. Keith Plummer focuses on our witness before a watching world. He draws on the work of Francis Schaeffer, contending we must embrace two orthodoxies–one of doctrine and the other of loving communities. The truth is evident in the beauty of our relationships, leading Plummer to argue for the importance of the local and embodied presence amid the opportunity of virtual worlds.

Thacker, in an afterword acknowledges the challenge of such a book with the rapids changes of technology and illustrates it with noting the likelihood that Elon Musk wouldn’t acquire Twitter after all. There was a time when this looked to be so but that acquisition has in fact changed the landscape of platform moderation for all the social media companies. The book also preceded the rise of ChatGPT, and the implications for our digital public square of increasing amounts of AI generated content and product. My own sense is that we may not be able to see very far down the road but this book does help ask the question of how we will engage the digital public square, particularly recognizing the value-laden character of our technologies and platforms.

After the turmoil of the Trump presidency and the pandemic years, my sense is that we are taking a collective breather. With the approach of the 2024 elections, this is coming to an end. Now is the time for careful thought about how, as Christians, we will cogently and faithfully engage the digital public square in ways that uphold Christ and seek the common good. These essays offer a great place to begin.

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Disclosure of Material Connection: I received a complimentary review copy of this book from the publisher.

Review: Upside-Down Spirituality

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upside down spirituality.jpg

Upside-Down Spirituality, Chad Bird. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2019.

Summary: Highlights nine areas in which Christian faith turns cultural conventions on their head, turning the world “upside-down.”

When you ask most people what they think a real Christian is, the answer is often some version of people who are nicer than those around them. Often, we buy that, adopting the way those around us think of a good, or even successful life, covering it with a veneer of Christian-y sounding language.

Years ago, I had a seminary course in New Testament Ethics, the primary text of which was Allen Verhey’s The Great Reversal. I have to admit that at the time, I still regarded Christian ethics as a nicer version of the world’s, but was bothered by the title. Over the years of reading and re-reading the Bible, I began to suspect more and more that Jesus really did inaugurate a great reversal, literally turning the world’s ethics on their head, blessing the meek and the humble and making the least the greatest.

Chad Bird’s Upside-Down Spirituality develops a similar idea. Whereas we tend to celebrate good people who succeed, Bird proposes that this common sense needs to be turned on its head. He proposes:

“Failures of a faithful life–that’s what we’ll be talking about in the chapters that follow. What this world’s common-sense wisdom reckons as failures, anyway. The failure to be extraordinary, the failure to live independent lives, the failure to go big or go home, the failure to think love sustains our marriages, even the failure to have a personal relationship with Jesus….For there are areas in all our lives–personally, in our families and marriages, as well as in our churches–where we’ve become so habituated to the empty platitudes of our culture that we don’t even realize our hearts have gone astray” (p. 24).

Bird discusses nine failures under three categories. The first category is how we think of ourselves. He challenges the idea of believing in the God who believes in you. Instead, he argues that God doesn’t believe in us but through “Jesus only” we discover the God who loves us despite our failures. He contends that failing to make a name for ourselves, living what may be hidden lives of faithfulness carries the great assurance that our names are written in the Lamb’s book of life. He calls out a culture that urges us to follow our hearts, and invites us to follow not our hearts, but Jesus.

The second part considers how we think about our lives. He begins by puncturing the dream of being the perfect parent. He cites a Facebook post outlining a long litany of things the perfect mom does and contrasts it with the list used by former generations: “feed them sometimes.” The truth is that all of us who have been parents have done mediocre jobs, and that our real hope is that our children grow up, not in perfect houses with perfect parents, but in houses of grace where we all come to understand that our hope is being God’s forgiven children. Instead of questing for our ideal “calling,” Bird challenges us that there is no sacred-secular divide, and that we may live as called persons wherever we are, and in whatever we do.

The chapter in this part I loved the most was where he argues against the myth of finding one’s soulmate. When I hear marrying couples say this, I either gag or tremble, fearing that they are headed to an early divorce if they don’t wake up to the reality that no person can live up to that ideal. We are both unique, and often self-centered and marriage will sooner or later bring those differences and our fallenness to the surface. Bird proposes that it is not love that sustains marriages, but rather marriages that sustain love as we press into Christ for his help to do what is humanly impossible.

Finally he challenges some of the success myths of the church. One is the myth of us versus them, that to not conform to the world, we need to cut ourselves off from the world. He explores what it means to be resident aliens, building bridges into Babylon, seeking its peace and prosperity, even as we embrace our true citizenship in the kingdom. He gives the lie to having “a personal relationship with Jesus,” that faith is a private thing. Rather, we relate to Jesus as part of communities who are his body.

His final chapter wonders about something I’ve wondered about. Why do so many of us drive past fifty churches to go to the “big box” church across town rather than worshiping with those who live near where we live? He contends that instead of buying into “bigger is better,” we find contentment and joy wherever the crucified and risen Christ is preached.

Each chapter ends with a “beatitude,” all of which are summarized at the end. A couple of my favorites:

3. “Blessed are those who don’t follow their hearts, for they follow the Lamb where he goes.”

5. Blessed are those who fail to find their calling, for theirs is the kingdom where life and love and service find them.”

Bird writes with candor and vulnerability. He’s been through a divorce and done everything from pastor to drive a big rig. He punctures the success myths of contemporary Christianity as one who has failed and found grace, and a far more vibrant and honest life as a humble follower of Christ. He offers hope that when we fail, we may be closer than ever to the grace of God and the kingdom of Jesus, who turns the world upside down.

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Disclosure of Material Connection: I received this book free from the publisher. I was not required to write a positive review. The opinions I have expressed are my own.